Physically Consistent Implementation of the Mixture Model for Modelling Nanofluid Conjugate Heat Transfer in Minichannel Heat Sinks

As much as two-phase mixture models resolve more physics than single-phase homogeneous models, their inconsistent heat transfer predictions have limited use in modelling nanofluid cooled minichannel sinks. This work investigates, addresses, and solves this key shortcoming, enabling reliable physically sound of nanoflows, using the model. It does so by applying model to a nine-passages rectangular minichannel, 3 mm deep 1 wide, 1% volume suspension Al2O3 nanoparticles water, over Reynolds number range 92 455. By varying fraction ?nf second phase between 2% 50%, under constant flux 16.67 W/cm2 30 Celsius coolant inflow, it is shown that predicts coefficient, pressure loss, friction factor, exergy destruction rate, expenditure law efficiency values converging ones at increasing ?nf. A defined with 100% breaks Newtonian fluid assumption within produces outlier predictions. avoiding unphysical regime, matched experimental measurements average coefficient 1.76%. has opened way for confidence assess uneven nanoparticle dispersion effects increase thermal mass transport performance minichannels.